Bhubaneswar is no longer a city preparing to grow. It is a city that has already crossed that threshold and is now deciding what kind of growth it will live with. The expanded BDA limits, the twin-city relationship with Cuttack, the fast-transforming gram panchayats around Chandaka, Jatni, Khordha Road, Pahala, Balianta and Balipatna are not future concerns. They are the present city, behaving urban in every way except governance clarity.
This is the phase where cities usually make their most expensive mistakes—not by doing the wrong things, but by delaying the right ones. Solid waste management and litter control fall exactly into this category. When roads are new and buildings are rising, waste feels like a secondary issue. But once habits settle, correcting them becomes far harder than setting them correctly in the first place.
The problem Bhubaneswar faces today is not lack of rules or absence of schemes. It is the quiet confusion of responsibility, especially in the expanding edges. Inside the older municipal core, systems exist. Outside it, in newly absorbed layouts and village-turned-urban settlements, garbage does not know who it belongs to. Panchayats assume the city will take over. Municipal bodies hesitate beyond formal limits. Development authorities focus on approvals, not daily waste. Garbage thrives in these gaps.
Cities like Delhi and Kolkata did not become overwhelmed overnight. They slowly accepted disorder as normal. What began as temporary inconvenience hardened into permanent dysfunction. Bhubaneswar still has something those cities lost early time. And timing matters more than money.
The most effective intervention lies at the block and local level, where administration meets everyday life. Blocks and BDOs are uniquely positioned to manage the transition zones between rural governance and urban reality. The gram panchayats surrounding Bhubaneswar are no longer purely rural. Treating them as such will only accelerate disorder. Waste management here must be seen as city preparation, not village housekeeping.
The first correction is clarity. Every road, drain, market, settlement, and vacant plot within the expanded urban influence must fall under a clearly named authority—BMC ward or specific block administration. No space should exist without ownership. Garbage appears only where responsibility dissolves.
The second correction is predictability. Waste collection must be regular, visible, and known. Each block and peripheral zone needs a fixed number of vehicles, fixed routes, and fixed timings. When people know exactly when waste will be lifted, behavior adjusts quickly. Irregular systems train people to dump. Regular systems eliminate the excuse.
Public dustbins must follow human behavior, not paperwork. Markets, food streets, bus stops, vendor clusters, apartment entry points—these are where waste is generated. This is where bins must exist, be maintained daily, and be emptied visibly. Clean infrastructure is not cosmetic; it is behavioral guidance.
Vendor spaces deserve special attention. Every licensed vendor or shop already occupies public space. That space should come with gentle responsibility. A clearly marked small area in front of the stall, supported by nearby bins and predictable lifting, creates ownership without fear. Cleanliness improves when people feel the street is partly theirs, not when they feel watched.
Enforcement alone will not work here. Bhubaneswar’s strength lies in its people. It is a city that responds better to participation than pressure. Awareness programs, local clean-up drives, and open-street or Raahgiri-style mornings, Ekamra walks with fused cleaning drive do something fines cannot. They make cleanliness visible, social, and shared. When streets briefly belong to people instead of vehicles, behaviour shifts.
Schools are the city’s most underestimated allies. Government schools, Saraswati Shishu Mandirs, and public and private institutions alike shape daily habits at home. When children participate in cleanliness drives, adopt streets or ponds, or compete in simple civic challenges, families follow naturally. Inter-school programs involving institutions like Sai International, ODM, DAV, DPS, KIIT and others can anchor cleanliness into the city’s culture rather than its rulebook.
Equally important are the people who keep the city functioning every day. Sanitation workers, SHG members, and field staff understand the city at ground level better than anyone else. Recognition matters here—not quietly, but publicly. Awards, felicitations, incentives, and visible appreciation create pride. A city that respects its workers rarely stays dirty for long.
Recognition should extend to citizens as well. Households that segregate waste properly, lanes that remain clean, communities that cooperate deserve acknowledgment. Cleanliness spreads faster through appreciation than through punishment. Policies must ease adaptation, not create anxiety. Support must come before enforcement, and enforcement must always remain the last step.
Bhubaneswar is approaching a point of no return—not in crisis, but in habit formation. Infrastructure is rising. Population is increasing. Consumption is accelerating. This is the moment to lock systems in gently, before disorder feels inevitable. Cities do not decline loudly. They decline quietly, through tolerance of mess, confusion of responsibility, and delayed decisions.
This is not an alarm. It is a reminder of timing. Cleanliness is easiest to build before it becomes urgent. Coordination is simplest before conflict appears. Bhubaneswar still has clarity, scale, and civic goodwill on its side.
Clean now. Coordinate now. Humanize the system now.
Later is always louder. Now is still calm enough to act.
REVISITING THE NON- NEGOTIABLES
Clear Area Ownership
Every road, market, drain, and vacant plot must be officially assigned to a specific ward, block, or panchayat authority. Garbage reduces automatically when there is no confusion about who is responsible.
Fixed Collection Timings
Waste must be collected at the same time every day in every locality. Predictable collection builds habits and prevents people from dumping waste on roads or open land.
Segregation at Source
Households and shops should separate wet and dry waste before disposal. When segregation is simple and supported, landfill pressure reduces and recycling becomes viable.
Dustbins Where Waste Is Generated
Bins must be placed at markets, food streets, bus stops, and vendor zones—not randomly. People use bins when they are conveniently available, not when they are symbolic.
Vendor-Level Cleanliness Responsibility
Each vendor or shop should maintain cleanliness in a clearly marked area in front of their stall. This creates ownership without fear or penalties.
School-Led Cleanliness Drives
Regular drives involving government and private schools build lifelong habits among children. When children participate, families naturally follow.
Public Awareness Through Events
Raahgiri-style open street events and community clean-up drives make cleanliness visible and participatory. People protect spaces they emotionally connect with.
Recognition Instead of Punishment
Households, lanes, schools, and workers who perform well should be publicly recognised. Appreciation changes behaviour faster than fines.
Support and Incentives for Workers
Sanitation workers and SHG members should receive awards, incentives, and public appreciation for good performance. Respect motivates consistency and pride in work.
Private Sector Participation
Housing societies, malls, offices, and institutions should manage waste within their premises under city guidelines. Shared responsibility reduces pressure on municipal systems.
Monitoring Without Harassment
Simple monitoring through ward-level reviews and community reporting keeps systems active. Enforcement should support people, not intimidate them.
Act Early in Expanding Areas
New layouts and peri-urban areas must be integrated into waste systems before disorder sets in. Early intervention is cheaper and more effective than correction later.
CITATIONS
1. Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 – Government of India
Official legal framework defining responsibilities of local bodies, segregation, collection, and disposal.
Introduction: The Bridge That Wasn’t Just a Bridge
I stood on the narrow bridge between Mani Tribhuvan and Royal Lagoon in Raghunathpur — a place most people drive past without thinking. Cars rolled over it, school vans idled beside it, and joggers crossed it with earphones in, never looking down. But I did.
Below me, water moved slow, dirty, uncelebrated. A polluted stream, covered with the failures of municipal bodies. To anyone passing, it looked like a random storm drain. Nearby area cluttered with piles of plastic and other stinking dead bodies of cows and dogs.
But I wasn’t there by accident. I had a question:
Does this small channel connect to something larger?
Does this water, quiet and ignored, belong to the living archive of Bhubaneswar’s forgotten natural system? Cities don’t die in a day. They fade silently, layer by layer starting from the places no one looks at closely. For Bhubaneswar, that silent, forgotten place is Gangua Nala. Ask any citizen about it, and you will hear: “Oh… that drain near Tankapani… that dirty canal…”. But if you dig deeper — into the soil, the maps, the memory of old Bhubaneswar — you discover something else: Gangua was never born a drain.
It was a river.
A river that once formed the natural southern moat of Ekamra Kshetra, fed the wetlands of the ancient city, protected the settlements, balanced floods, and nurtured the first agricultural belts. If Bhubaneswar is a planned capital, Gangua is the unplanned spine that everything quietly depends on.
And this episode is where we finally give it the attention it always deserved.
A historical trace- from river to drain
The Ancient Identity: Gandhabati / Kushabhadra Branch, it was seasonal, but it was never artificial. Archeological evidence points that the Gandhabati banks were home to settlements as early as the 4th century BCE, where Gangua provided water for irrigation, drinking and religious practices. Many of the city’s historic temples, including Mukteswar, Lingaraj, and Rajarani, were once directly linked to Gangua’s water system.
In fact, modern city planner Otto Koenigsberger in 1948 explicitly used Gangua as a stormwater drain for the new capital: Bhubaneswar, its foundation was laid on April 13th, 1948.
During the Planning Era: 1950–1990, Its width reduced., Its flow slowed., Encroachment became normal.
The Rebranding: From Nadi to Nala.
Maps now call it a nala. Budgets treat it like a drain. But hydrologically, nothing changed —it still carries the stormwater of more than 60% of the city. Old regional hydrology maps and oral histories from the villages around Tankapani and Dhauli suggest that Gangua was once a natural drainage channel connected to the Daya–Kushabhadra system. As Bhubaneswar expanded: Natural wetlands were reclaimed, Village tanks were filled, Stormwater paths were interrupted, Concrete replaced soil, Gangua silently took the burden. Eventually, the river’s social identity changed.
The Geography of Flow
Before Bhubaneswar became a grid of roads and expanding apartments, it was shaped by the land — not the other way around. Water moved with gravity, following contour lines, feeding wetlands, tanks, and natural depressions. Older villages like Ghatikia, Raghunathpur, Patia and Chandrasekharpur were all positioned around water forms — not roads.
Gangua Nala existed long before planning documents named it. It was once part of the Kuakhai river system, acting as a spillway, a seasonal flood escape channel, and ecological corridor. The Mahanadi splits into several branches. One major branch becomes the Kuakhai River. Gangua Nala branches off from the Kuakhai, flowing southward and skirting the eastern edge of Bhubaneswar. This makes Gangua a secondary distributary of Mahanadi.
Gangua does not originate from Daya or Kusabhadra. After flowing for several kilometres, Gangua meets the Daya River just before the Daya moves toward Chilika. From there, the Daya eventually connects with the Kusabhadra system downstream near Dhauli–Balipatna regions.
But hydrology ignores reputation. It remembers shape. And shape tells us something important:
Most of Bhubaneswar’s natural drainage eventually flows toward Gangua.
The Forgotten Spine
Maps of Bhubaneswar’s drainage network show something fascinating: a branching system — almost like lungs — draining the north, east, and western urban zones into a single channel. At the bottom of this network is Gangua. Every storm drain, culvert, nala and roadside canal is part of a hierarchy:
Local runoff
↓
Feeder drain / tributary
↓
Secondary drain
↓
Major drainage corridor
↓
Gangua Nala
↓
Kuakhai River
When a city grows, its water remembers everything. Gangua Nala—once a seasonal stream that carried the monsoon breath of the Kuakhai—has slowly become the most misunderstood, mishandled, yet structurally essential vein of Bhubaneswar. Anyone who looks at it today sees only a dark, clogged drain running through the eastern periphery of the city. But behind that murky surface lies the real story: a natural water system that was reshaped, confined, and finally choked by rapid urbanisation. If Bhubaneswar’s geography was a living textbook, Gangua Nala would be the chapter that explains how a city forgets its rivers while expanding into a ‘smart’ skyline.
The first problem begins with perception. Gangua is not a drain; it became a drain because the city treated it like one. What was once a clear, flowing channel collecting excess monsoon water from Chandaka, Khandagiri and the natural slopes of the city, is today the endpoint of unmonitored sewerage lines that discharge untreated water every hour. The pollution is not subtle—it is visible in floating garbage bags, remnants of household puja materials, discarded idols, plastic waste, animal carcasses, and the grey slurry released by apartments, industries, and small factories that operate on the edges of the drainage basin. Many of these buildings have Water Treatment Plants only on paper. Others have WTPs that exist physically but are non-functional, uncalibrated, unchecked and entirely mismanaged. The regulatory oversight is almost ceremonial. Approvals are handed out quickly; inspections rarely happen; wastewater management is not just loosely enforced but almost entirely ignored unless a major complaint arises.
The cumulative effect of this carelessness is catastrophic. Gangua Nala can no longer breathe. It does not carry water; it carries the burden of a city that refuses to grow responsibly. Even during the rains, when the nala should spread its natural floodplains, the water surges unpredictably because the channel is narrowed, encroached, and filled with debris. Bhubaneswar’s drainage masterplan always placed Gangua as a backbone for monsoon resilience. Instead, it has been converted into a dumping corridor.
This failure becomes even more evident when we revisit the government's ambitious announcement: turning Gangua into an inland waterway. It was a beautiful idea on paper—reviving the channel, deepening it, cleaning it, and transforming it into a navigable, green corridor that connects farmlands, peri-urban pockets, and the expanding eastern suburbs. But today, that vision feels distant, almost abandoned. An inland waterway requires consistent water quality, uninterrupted flow, reinforced embankments, ecological buffers, and a culture of zero-dumping. None of these conditions exist yet. The plan floated, gained media attention, and then gradually dissolved into administrative silence.
The Possibility of Restoration
The story doesn’t have to end as a lament. There is a practical and visionary way to restore Gangua—an approach that merges hydrology, ecology and urban design. I imagine a GBG corridor: Green–Blue–Green, a continuous linear system where two green belts protect and celebrate the central blue line of the nala. On both sides, dense vegetative buffers absorb pollutants, stabilize the embankments, and create ecological pockets for birds, insects and amphibians—reviving the micro-ecosystems that once thrived here. Between these green arms lies the blue artery—the rejuvenated nala—clean, aerated, and restored to a natural flow profile. Not a canal of concrete, but a breathing water body that belongs to the land.
To make the GBG corridor function, Bhubaneswar must separate its water logic. Rainwater cannot mix with sewage; yet today, they merge everywhere. Dedicated rainwater channels should be carved parallel to the main flow, feeding the nala only during the monsoons, not during household activities or commercial discharge. The city needs decentralized wastewater treatment units—small, community-level WTPs built near dense residential pockets and industrial clusters. These WTPs must be functional, audited, and maintained. Many cities around the world do this; Bhubaneswar can too, but only with political will and administrative discipline.
The industries and apartments that line the periphery of Gangua must be answerable. Zero-discharge policies cannot be optional. Every building must be required to not just have a treatment plant but maintain it, operate it, track it, and submit digital reports monthly. Violations must invite penalties—not symbolic ones but meaningful fines that reflect environmental damage. The city must be brave enough to enforce these rules, because rivers do not negotiate with us. When they collapse, cities suffer silently—through waterlogging, flooding, groundwater contamination and the slow death of green cover.
Restoring Gangua also means reimagining its role in Bhubaneswar’s identity. It can be a linear park, a cycling-walking greenway, a climate corridor that brings down urban heat, a waterscape that reconnects eastern Bhubaneswar with its natural heritage. The GBG corridor can become the city’s longest continuous public space, weaving ecology with accessibility. Stormwater can find its natural path again. The waterway plan—if revived with scientific grounding rather than political excitement—can even materialize over time as water quality improves.
Gangua Nala is not a forgotten stream; it is a mirror that shows us what Bhubaneswar is becoming. Whether it remains a polluted trench or transforms into a regenerative corridor depends entirely on the choices the city makes today. Urban design is not about buildings and flyovers alone. It is also about rivers, soils, air, drainage, and the invisible systems that make a city livable. Gangua, in its silence, has been carrying the weight of Bhubaneswar’s neglect for decades. Now it waits—perhaps impatiently—for the city to finally recognize its true place and give it the dignity of a river once again.
Research shows that Bhubaneswar’s Gangua Canal
(a 23km urban “nullah”) is the primary source of pollution to the
Daya River[1]. The 1.2million city population depends on these
waters, yet Gangua carries untreated industrial and sewage waste. Water‐quality surveys report critically high
BOD along Gangua – values of 1.8–39mg/L (whereas a healthy river’s BOD should be <5mg/L)[2] – and corresponding dips in dissolved oxygen.
Other indicators likewise exceed safe standards: for example an Odisha PCB
report found DO, BOD, COD and E. coli all “beyond permissible limits” in the
Daya after Gangua’s inflow[3]. Downstream of Gangua the Daya’s coliform
count jumps by orders of magnitude: ~61,300/100mL at Manitri and ~74,900/100mL at Kanti after the confluence[4], far above the 500/100mL norm. This evidence underlines Gangua’s overwhelming contribution of organic and
bacterial pollution to the river.
In addition to sewage, community practices
have burdened Gangua. Residents note that idol immersions and puja waste (as in
many Indian rivers) add to its pollutant load. In early 2025 environmental
groups (e.g. Mahanadi Bachao, Gangua Bachao, Daya Surakhya Abhijan) issued a
formal resolution: they demanded the government initiate urgent cleanup of the
Daya and Gangua, and even argued Gangua should be restored to “river” status
given its ecological role[5]. They pressed for scientific input and local
oversight in the revival project, rather than a purely engineering approach.
Crucially, they demanded an inquiry into why planned STPs along Gangua have not
been completed and called for strict action against all polluters (industries,
housing complexes, etc.) fouling the Gangua–Daya system[6].
The state has launched major infrastructure
initiatives to improve Bhubaneswar’s water treatment. A new 130MLD water‐treatment plant at Mundali (drawing from the
Mahanadi) was approved in late 2022, with construction starting in early 2023
and a target completion by March 2025[7]. Meanwhile, Bhubaneswar’s sewerage master
plan calls for several new STPs: for example, Meherpali (56MLD), Bauaghai (28MLD), Kochilaput (43.5MLD), Pakhrapur (8.5MLD) and a nearly complete plant at Rokat (48MLD)[8]. In sum about 186.5MLD of STP capacity is proposed (against
roughly 130MLD current demand)[9]. Once operational, these facilities should
divert sewage out of natural drains like Gangua. (Citizen activists are
watching closely, noting that any unfinished Gangua‐area STPs remain a critical gap[6].)
Finally, officials have intensified oversight.
In December 2025 a high‐level meeting chaired by the Urban Development
Minister (attended by BMC Commissioner Usha Padhee and others) reviewed the
Gangua Nala Improvement Project along with Nicco Park and overall storm‐water drains[10][11]. The ministers stressed an integrated
approach – clearing encroachments, restoring riverbanks, upgrading public
amenities and drainage in tandem – with strict timelines and quality checks[11]. This renewed government push, combined with
persistent citizen pressure, represents a turning point: it aims to ensure
Gangua’s revitalization and to stem its pollution of the Daya before the next
monsoon.
Sources: Peer‐reviewed studies and reports on Daya/Gangua
water quality[1][2][12]; local news and government releases detailing
activism and projects[5][6][7][8][9][11].
Citations
[1] Surface Water Quality Assessment, Prediction,
and Modeling of the River Daya in Odisha
Our home is the shelter to our lives. And every little thing that we buy for ourselves, for example, a coffee mug or a shirt also takes us through hours of shortlisting and choosing. But when it comes to our own house, we don't even opt for a planner or designer. Most of us rely on the builder or contractor. In some projects, the architects do the initial plans and in reference to that the whole project is including interiors is executed without any objective or vision.
As people spend 50-60 per cent of their lives at their homes, they interact the most with the spaces, the furniture and the elements present there. Thus, it becomes too much important for any house to have a modelled and aesthetic appearance, positive functions and good vibes.
Interior Designing is the styling and organising of your living spaces into something emotional and appealing. All the elements of interior design are functional and carry a delightful presence with space-saving attitudes and appearances of one's own tastes and flavours in design. It is basically the art of creating innovative designs of a house based on a person's tastes, experiences and likes. The aim of interior designing is quite simple - to design a home that is in line with the residents living in it, that serves the purpose of every member of the house, that is eco friendly and
has every modern technology and aesthetic decors as per personal tastes - all in a specified budget.
Interior designing, as a field, is in high demand today and there are multiple scopes in this field. Interior designing doesn't only include the modernised designs but also the old modelled designs, designs with French, Greek, Roman, English countryside tastes as well. There are wooden interior designs for nature lovers and there are fully framed metallic and stone elements for technology lovers. Starting from the walls, floors, rugs, curtains, shelves, ceilings, storage, doors, windows, decor - everything inside the house comes under the scope of interior designing.
This concept and course area is seen in the modern era. However, the origin of the ideas is purely ancient found among the people of Greek civilization as well as Indus valley civilization. The interior design is also found in the vedic text named as Antarika Vastu where positions, placements and orientations of each element inside the house are considered based on certain Vaastu principles.
Elements of interior design are space, form, shapes, patterns, lines, light, colour and texture. Essentials of interior design are space saving ideas, easy to maintain layouts, smart solutions, minimalistic decor, comfort, technical utilization and stipulated budget. Interior design is often confused with interior decoration. Simply put, all interior designers are interior decorators but interior decorators are not interior designers. The main difference lies in the use of technicalities by interior designers which gives a huge value to the output. If we distinguish between the architects, civil engineers and interior designers, the architect comes first to give the external design, the civil engineer looks after the structural construction and the interior designer come at the last who designs the interior space.
The work and workflow of an interior designer are very systematic and defined step by step backed by individual respective documents. Each step is the perfect successor of the next step making it very precise and pristine. Documents includes the GA drawings, Layout plans, elevation drawings, 3D visualizations of different partitions, etc, etc.
The work of an interior designer generally includes the following steps:
1. Plan a layout- It is the initial step where an interior designer is supposed to do a rough bubble drawing for space management of a built-up area with outside walls. In some good projects, a general space utilization would have already been provided by the architect or planner who plans the house and its structures. A 2D floor plan layout is created for each floor with proper measurements. Dimensions of each room, partition walls, other RCC entities are also provided in this drawing.
2. Furniture Layout- This is the foundation of many of the successive steps, so major care is taken while finalizing this layout plan. Repetitive revisions may also occur during this process, making this process flexible and interactive. This layout is prepared using standard measurements for every piece of furniture. Best wall for putting bed/ wardrobe/ dressing/ study table/ sofa/ sanitarywares/ dining table/ utility shelves are also finalized in this step.
3. False ceiling layout- This layout view is just below the main ceiling wall. Framing drawings along with fasteners and clamps are also selected and placed as per the requirements and loading capacity in this drawing. False ceiling is mostly given for aesthetical purposes, to cover the wires, vent pipes, HVAC connections and plumbing pipes (conceal work). People do ceiling using gypsum boards, fibre sheets, wood & composite ply boards, glass, metal, synthetic leather, cloth, PVC, dust ply boards, etc. Different patterns can be used in single or multiple layers for a better aesthetic perspective. Multilayers mostly include 2 or 3 layers based on the demand, material, budget and other parameters.
4. Electrical layout- MEP stands for mechanical, electrical and plumbing work which is done by an experienced engineer only. Mechanical drawings include the details related to ducts, AC, heater, etc. Electrical drawings include the positioning of lights, switchboards and fans, ceiling lights, spotlights, RGB connections, the complete wiring layout and details. While doing the electrical layout, the furniture layout is taken as a reference for proper positioning of switchboards and other electrical ammeninties. The positioning of MCB is a very technical and cost accounting task. With proper placement of MCB a huge differential value in economical aspect can be accounted, if planned properly by an interior designer. Therefore it is highly recommended to involve and interior designer while planning the electrical layouts of any building.
5. Plumbing layout- Plumbing drawings includes the details of piping. water connections, sanitary wares, taps, inlets and outlets, etc. In most cases the builder or the contractor take up the plumbing works. But it is highly preffered to give the plumbing works to the interior designer for proper planning and execution. The interior designer will place and position all the inlet and outlet points based on utilities, comfort, aesthetics and requirements. Moreover, the whole process will involve more technical insights which will help the owner in the long run. Postioning of showers/ wash basins/ sink/ WC, dividing the bathroom into wet and dry zones along with proper sloping measurements to drain, proper concealing of pipe inside thick walls and use of two walls max for plumbing are some of the technical aspects taken into consideration while planning an electrical layout by a skilled interior designer.
6. Flooring layout- Flooring is one of the most essential part in the interior designing. It is because, the flooring will be in line or in contrasting to all other elements can be decided properly by an interior designer only. Selections of materials/ tiles/ boards/ floor stickers, sizes, no of tiles/ boards, color scheme, textures or patterns, tints, etc. are all to be done in this process. A drawing is to be provided by the interior designer based many pre- made documents such as the furniture layout, electrical layout and plumbing layout. Different types of floorings includes marble flooring, ceramic or vitrified (silica) tile flooring, vinyl flooring, hardwood flooring, granite flooring, bamboo flooring, concrete flooring, laminate flooring, linoleum flooring, terrazzo flooring, brick flooring, redoxide flooring, etc, etc.
7. Interior decoration- At last comes the interior decoration part where based on a client's requirements, aesthetics, emotions, ambience in totality color combination, furniture selection, fabric selection, curtain selection, glorification and plant selection, sculpture selections, decorative material selection, the luminousity of the light, the glossiness or reflectivity of different material, theme based selections, etc. etc. are done. The factors taken into consideration are budget, quality, comfort requirement, residents' perspectives, aesthetics, ambience etc.
Since the interior design topic is very vast, there will be a upcoming series of chapter describing all the points vividly. If you find this article or blog useful, kindly share your views in the comment box below. If it did any value addition to your information bar, then you can learn more of such content by flowing this website page. There is a follow button below, you can click on it and get instantaneous updates once I upload any new blog or article. In the next chapter I will be taking about the physical components of interior designs vividly. Keep in touch...
